EFFECTS OF SANITATION PRACTICES ON THE HEALTH OF RESIDENTS OF IGBO EFON IN ETI-OSA LOCAL GOVERNMENT, LAGOS STATE
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Background to the Study
Poor environmental quality is widely recognized as posing a severe threat to social and economic development, as well as to human survival. Environmental deterioration, in the opinion of Adeniyi (2017), has a higher impact on developing countries like Nigeria, impeding and upsetting socioeconomic progress. According to Daramola and Olowoporoku (2016), social misbehaviors such as careless littering, improper domestic wastewater discharge, and inadequate sewage disposal, which is a clear attitude of poor sanitation, have severely damaged the living environment. These behaviors contribute to dirty living conditions, which cause contagious diseases In its broadest meaning, sanitation refers to the provision of facilities and services for the secure disposal of human waste. Sanitation also refers to the maintenance of hygienic conditions through services like waste disposal and trash collection. According to Evans, Vandervoorden, and Peal (2019), sanitation and hygiene are essential for health, survival, and development. As a result, many countries struggle to provide adequate sanitation for their entire populations, putting people at risk for illnesses related to water, sanitation, and hygiene. According to Bindeshwar (2019), sanitation was also viewed as a fundamental prerequisite for development; as a result, it attempts to enhance people's quality of life through promoting social advancement and disease prevention.
In actuality, offering adequate sanitary facilities is better characterized as a means to an end because the stakeholders' attitudes and habits of conduct define the objective. The public's perception of the value of proper sanitation has a significant role in recommending desired actions to lessen the effects. Poor sanitation practices can generally be attributed to a number of causes, including overcrowding, a lack of amenities and services, a lack of sanitation education and awareness, low income levels, and unchecked home building. Environmental issues may be caused by inadequate facility provision and people's conduct in communities, particularly those seen in underdeveloped countries, claim Sadalla, Swanson, and Velesiw (2019). Mosleh and Sudhir (2015) found that, despite the significance of sanitation to human existence, sanitation infrastructure and services are lacking in poorer countries, where a sizable portion of the population lacks access to adequate water supplies, environmental sanitation services, and food security. To support this claim even further, Bindeshwar (2019) determined that poor sanitation causes "millions of children under the age of five to die every year; and around 50 illnesses are associated to inadequate sanitation." This hazard is further exacerbated by poor environmental behavior on the part of individuals. Insufficient access to water, sanitation, and hygiene are said to be the cause of 829,000 deaths annually in low- and middle-income countries by 2022, making about 60% of all diarrhea-related deaths worldwide. According to WHO and UNICEF (2018), inadequate sanitation is thought to be the main factor in 432,000 of these deaths and a significant contributor to a number of neglected tropical diseases like intestinal worms, schistosomiasis, and trachoma. Malnutrition is also made worse by inadequate sanitation. In 2020, 4.2 billion people, or 54% of the world's population, used a safe sanitation service; 2.6 billion, or 34%, did so at private facilities that were connected to sewers and treated wastewater; 1.6 billion, or 20%, did so at latrines or toilets where excreta was safely disposed of on-site; and 6.1 billion, or 78%, did so at least minimally.
Environmental sanitation problems are not only found in certain residential zones, such as traditional core locations, urban centers, peri urban areas, or suburban areas, according to several research. Studies on sanitation issues in Nigeria's core regions have been done by Sanni (2015), Owoeye & Adedeji (2018), and others have been done elsewhere. Addis Abeba, Ethiopia, and India are a couple of these (Bindeshwar, 2019, Evans, Vandervoorden, & Peal) (2019). The results of these studies show the significance of environmental cleanliness for human health, productivity, and well-being. In order to maintain a hygienic environment, it is necessary to dispose of human excreta, solid waste, and wastewater, manage disease vectors, and provide washing facilities for domestic and personal hygiene.
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